Connecting electrodes to voltages

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a first electrode, one or more processors, and one or more memory units coupled to the one or more processors. The one or more memory units collectively store logic that is configured to cause the one or more processors to control connections of the first electrode by connecting the first electrode to a first reference voltage, then connecting the first electrode to a second reference voltage lower than the first reference voltage, and then connecting the first electrode to a third reference voltage lower than the first reference voltage and the second reference voltage. The second reference voltage is coupled to a capacitor.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/045,834, filed Feb. 17, 2016 and entitledConnecting Electrodes to Voltages, incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to connecting electrodes to voltages.

BACKGROUND

Electrodes of electrical circuits, such as those in touch sensors ortouch sensor styluses, may be connected to a pulsed voltage thatalternates between a high reference voltage and a low reference voltageat a particular frequency. These electrical circuits may lose largeamounts of charge as the electrode discharges during the transition fromthe high reference voltage to the low reference voltage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example touch sensor with an example controlleraccording to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate example touch sensor arrays operating in aself-capacitive mode of operation according to certain embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example self-capacitive touch sensor array with acharge capture and re-use system according to certain embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate example electrode voltage waveforms according tocertain embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for charge capture and re-use inself-capacitive touch sensors according to certain embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Electrodes of certain electrical circuits, such as those in touchsensors or touch sensor styluses, may be pulsed between a high referencevoltage and a low reference voltage at a relatively high frequency. Asthe electrodes transition from the low reference voltage to the highreference voltage, the charge in the electrodes is increased. Likewise,as the electrodes transition from the high reference voltage to the lowreference voltage, the charge in the electrodes is reduced. The chargeduring the transition from the high to the low reference voltage istypically wasted in current electrical circuits. If the differencebetween the high and low reference voltages is large, or if theelectrodes have a large capacitance or capacitive load, then the amountof charge that is wasted may be quite large as well. Accordingly, thepresent disclosure describes systems and methods for charge capture andre-use for electrical circuits pulsing between high and low referencevoltages. Systems and methods according to the present disclosure mayallow for the reduction in the charge lost during the transition fromthe high reference voltage to the low reference voltage by saving thecharge in a capacitor coupled to the pulsing electrical circuit. Inaddition, systems and methods according to the present disclosure mayallow for the charge saved in the capacitor to be used in other circuitscoupled to the pulsing electrical circuit, reducing overall current andpower consumption in the circuits.

As used herein, electrodes may refer to any suitable electricalconductor of an electrical circuit. In one or more embodiments, forinstance, electrodes may refer to sensor lines of a touch sensor.Although examples are described herein with reference to drivingelectrodes of a touch sensor, it will be understood that the teachingsof the present disclosure may be applied to other electrical circuits,such as touch sensor styluses or other logic drive circuits (e.g., thosefor field effect transistors (FETs)) that include pulsing between highand low reference voltages.

During certain modes of operation of a touch sensor, many or all sensorlines of a touch sensor may be pulsed between a high reference voltage(e.g., 9 V) and ground at a high frequency (e.g., approximately 75 kHz).During self-capacitive modes of operation, a pulsed voltage may beapplied to both x-axis electrodes and y-axis electrodes of a touchsensor, and the location of a touch input on the touch sensor may bedetermined by measuring the changes in capacitance in the capacitivenodes of the touch sensor.

In some situations, however, only a portion of the x-axis electrodes andy-axis electrodes may be driven and measured for touch input (e.g., dueto limited controller resources or to conserve controller resources). Insuch situations, a scan of the electrodes may be performed. This mayoccur in three cycles (i.e., only one third of the sensor lines arebeing measured at a time), for example, where y-axis electrodes aremeasured first, odd x-axis electrodes are measured second, and evenx-axis electrodes are measured third. If the non-measured electrodes areleft floating in these situations (i.e., with no applied drive signal orvoltage), interactions may take place between measured and non-measuredelectrodes due to the mutual capacitance present between the respectiveelectrodes. A driven shield signal may therefore be applied to thenon-measured electrodes, which may cancel one or more effects caused bythe mutual capacitance present between measured and non-measuredelectrodes. The driven shield signal may be a substantially similar oridentical waveform to the drive signal applied to the measured x-axisand y-axis electrodes of the touch sensor.

Because the driven shield signal may be substantially similar to thepulsed voltage signal applied to the measured electrodes (e.g., avoltage pulsing between 9 V and ground at a high frequency), a largeamount of current and thus a lot of power is wasted. This is especiallytrue in current touch sensor designs with high capacitive loads (e.g.,between 15 nF and 25 nF). Therefore, rather than connecting thenon-measured electrodes to ground during such pulsing, embodiments ofthe present disclosure may connect the non-measured electrodes to a lowreference voltage (e.g., 1.33 V) coupled to a capacitor for a shortperiod of time prior to connecting the electrodes to ground. By doingthis, the capacitor may store much of the charge that would haveotherwise been discharged to ground. After the capacitor has collectedmuch of the charge, the non-measured electrode may then be connected toground in order to mimic the pulsed signal of the measured electrodes(since the measured electrodes are connected to ground).

In one embodiment, for example, a touch-sensitive device includes atouch sensor and a controller coupled thereto. The touch sensor includesa plurality of electrodes arranged to form an array of capacitivesensing nodes. The controller includes logic that is configured, whenexecuted, to connect each of the plurality of electrodes to a firstreference voltage and then connect a first portion of the plurality ofelectrodes to a second reference voltage lower than the first referencevoltage. The logic is further configured, while the first portion of theplurality of electrodes is connected to the second reference voltage, toconnect a second portion of the plurality of electrodes to a capacitorcoupled to a third reference voltage lower than the first referencevoltage and higher than the second reference voltage, and to thenconnect the second portion of the plurality of electrodes to the secondreference voltage.

To facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, thefollowing examples of certain embodiments are given. In no way shouldthe following examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of thedisclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure and its advantages maybe best understood by referring to FIGS. 1-5, where like numbers areused to indicate like and corresponding parts

FIG. 1 illustrates an example touch sensor array with an example touchsensor controller according to certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Touch sensor array 100 and touch sensor controller 102detect the presence and position of a touch or the proximity of anobject within a touch-sensitive area of touch sensor array 100.Reference to a touch sensor array may encompass both touch sensor array100 and its touch sensor controller. Similarly, reference to a touchsensor controller may encompass both touch sensor controller 102 and itstouch sensor array. Touch sensor array 100 includes one or moretouch-sensitive areas. In certain embodiments, touch sensor array 100includes an array of electrodes disposed on one or more substrates,which may be made of a dielectric material. Reference to a touch sensorarray may encompass both the electrodes of touch sensor array 100 andthe substrate(s) on which they are disposed. Alternatively, reference toa touch sensor array may encompass the electrodes of touch sensor array100, but not the substrate(s) on which they are disposed.

In certain embodiments, an electrode is an area of conductive materialforming a shape, such as for example a disc, square, rectangle, thinline, other shape, or a combination of these shapes. One or more cuts inone or more layers of conductive material may (at least in part) createthe shape of an electrode, and the area of the shape may (at least inpart) be bounded by those cuts. In certain embodiments, the conductivematerial of an electrode occupies approximately 100% of the area of itsshape. For example, an electrode may be made of indium tin oxide (ITO)and the ITO of the electrode may occupy approximately 100% of the areaof its shape (sometimes referred to as 100% fill). In certainembodiments, the conductive material of an electrode occupies less than100% of the area of its shape. For example, an electrode may be made offine lines of metal or other conductive material (FLM), such as forexample copper, silver, or a copper- or silver-based material, and thefine lines of conductive material may occupy approximately 5% of thearea of its shape in a hatched, mesh, or other pattern. Reference to FLMencompasses such material. Although this disclosure describes orillustrates particular electrodes made of particular conductive materialforming particular shapes with particular fill percentages havingparticular patterns, this disclosure contemplates electrodes made of anyappropriate conductive material forming any appropriate shapes with anyappropriate fill percentages having any suitable patterns.

The shapes of the electrodes (or other elements) of a touch sensor array100 constitute, in whole or in part, one or more macro-features of touchsensor array 100. One or more characteristics of the implementation ofthose shapes (such as, for example, the conductive materials, fills, orpatterns within the shapes) constitute in whole or in part one or moremicro-features of touch sensor array 100. One or more macro-features ofa touch sensor array 100 may determine one or more characteristics ofits functionality, and one or more micro-features of touch sensor array100 may determine one or more optical features of touch sensor array100, such as transmittance, refraction, or reflection.

Although this disclosure describes a number of example electrodes, thepresent disclosure is not limited to these example electrodes and otherelectrodes may be implemented. Additionally, although this disclosuredescribes a number of example embodiments that include particularconfigurations of particular electrodes forming particular nodes, thepresent disclosure is not limited to these example embodiments and otherconfigurations may be implemented. In certain embodiments, a number ofelectrodes are disposed on the same or different surfaces of the samesubstrate. Additionally or alternatively, different electrodes may bedisposed on different substrates. Although this disclosure describes anumber of example embodiments that include particular electrodesarranged in specific, example patterns, the present disclosure is notlimited to these example patterns and other electrode patterns may beimplemented.

A mechanical stack contains the substrate (or multiple substrates) andthe conductive material forming the electrodes of touch sensor array100. For example, the mechanical stack may include a first layer ofoptically clear adhesive (OCA) beneath a cover panel. The cover panelmay be clear and made of a resilient material suitable for repeatedtouching, such as for example glass, polycarbonate, or poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). This disclosure contemplates any suitable coverpanel made of any suitable material. The first layer of OCA may bedisposed between the cover panel and the substrate with the conductivematerial forming the electrodes. The mechanical stack may also include asecond layer of OCA and a dielectric layer (which may be made of PET oranother suitable material, similar to the substrate with the conductivematerial forming the electrodes). As an alternative, a thin coating of adielectric material may be applied instead of the second layer of OCAand the dielectric layer. The second layer of OCA may be disposedbetween the substrate with the conductive material making up theelectrodes and the dielectric layer, and the dielectric layer may bedisposed between the second layer of OCA and an air gap to a display ofa device including touch sensor array 100 and touch sensor controller102. For example, the cover panel may have a thickness of approximately1 millimeter (mm); the first layer of OCA may have a thickness ofapproximately 0.05 mm; the substrate with the conductive materialforming the electrodes may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm;the second layer of OCA may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm;and the dielectric layer may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm.

Although this disclosure describes a particular mechanical stack with aparticular number of particular layers made of particular materials andhaving particular thicknesses, this disclosure contemplates any suitablemechanical stack with any suitable number of any suitable layers made ofany suitable materials and having any suitable thicknesses. For example,in certain embodiments, a layer of adhesive or dielectric may replacethe dielectric layer, second layer of OCA, and air gap described above,with there being no air gap in the display.

One or more portions of the substrate of touch sensor array 100 may bemade of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or another suitable material.This disclosure contemplates any suitable substrate with any suitableportions made of any suitable material. In certain embodiments, one ormore electrodes in touch sensor array 100 are made of ITO in whole or inpart. Additionally or alternatively, one or more electrodes in touchsensor array 100 are made of fine lines of metal or other conductivematerial. For example, one or more portions of the conductive materialmay be copper or copper-based and have a thickness of approximately 5microns (μm) or less and a width of approximately 10 μm or less. Asanother example, one or more portions of the conductive material may besilver or silver-based and similarly have a thickness of approximately 5μm or less and a width of approximately 10 μm or less. This disclosurecontemplates any suitable electrodes made of any suitable material.

In certain embodiments, touch sensor array 100 implements a capacitiveform of touch sensing. This may include both mutual- andself-capacitance implementations. In a mutual-capacitanceimplementation, touch sensor array 100 may include an array of drive andsense electrodes forming an array of capacitive nodes. A drive electrodeand a sense electrode may form a capacitive node. The drive and senseelectrodes forming the capacitive node are positioned near each otherbut do not make electrical contact with each other. Instead, in responseto a signal being applied to the drive electrodes for example, the driveand sense electrodes capacitively couple to each other across a spacebetween them. A pulsed or alternating voltage applied to the driveelectrode (by touch sensor controller 102) induces a charge on the senseelectrode, and the amount of charge induced is susceptible to externalinfluence (such as a touch or the proximity of an object). When anobject touches or comes within proximity of the capacitive node, achange in capacitance may occur at the capacitive node and touch sensorcontroller 102 measures the change in capacitance. By measuring changesin capacitance throughout the array, touch sensor controller 102determines the position of the touch or proximity within touch-sensitiveareas of touch sensor array 100.

In a self-capacitance implementation, touch sensor array 100 may includean array of electrodes of a single type that may each form a capacitivenode. When an object touches or comes within proximity of the capacitivenode, a change in self-capacitance may occur at the capacitive node andtouch sensor controller 102 measures the change in capacitance, forexample, as a change in the amount of charge implemented to raise thevoltage at the capacitive node by a pre-determined amount. As with amutual-capacitance implementation, by measuring changes in capacitancethroughout the array, touch sensor controller 102 determines theposition of the touch or proximity within touch-sensitive areas of touchsensor array 100. This disclosure contemplates any suitable form ofcapacitive touch sensing.

In certain embodiments, one or more drive electrodes together form adrive line running horizontally or vertically or in any suitableorientation. Similarly, in certain embodiments, one or more senseelectrodes together form a sense line running horizontally or verticallyor in any suitable orientation. As one particular example, drive linesrun substantially perpendicular to the sense lines. Reference to a driveline may encompass one or more drive electrodes making up the driveline, and vice versa. Reference to a sense line may encompass one ormore sense electrodes making up the sense line, and vice versa.

In certain embodiments, touch sensor array 100 includes drive and senseelectrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a single substrate. Insuch a configuration, a pair of drive and sense electrodes capacitivelycoupled to each other across a space between them form a capacitivenode. As an example self-capacitance implementation, electrodes of asingle type are disposed in a pattern on a single substrate. In additionor as an alternative to having drive and sense electrodes disposed in apattern on one side of a single substrate, touch sensor array 100 mayhave drive electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a substrateand sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on another side of thesubstrate. Moreover, touch sensor array 100 may have drive electrodesdisposed in a pattern on one side of one substrate and sense electrodesdisposed in a pattern on one side of another substrate. In suchconfigurations, an intersection of a drive electrode and a senseelectrode forms a capacitive node. Such an intersection may be aposition where the drive electrode and the sense electrode “cross” orcome nearest each other in their respective planes. The drive and senseelectrodes do not make electrical contact with each other—instead theyare capacitively coupled to each other across a dielectric at theintersection. Although this disclosure describes particularconfigurations of particular electrodes forming particular nodes, thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable configuration of any suitableelectrodes forming any suitable nodes. Moreover, this disclosurecontemplates any suitable electrodes disposed on any suitable number ofany suitable substrates in any suitable patterns.

As described above, a change in capacitance at a capacitive node oftouch sensor array 100 may indicate a touch or proximity input at theposition of the capacitive node. Touch sensor controller 102 detects andprocesses the change in capacitance to determine the presence andposition of the touch or proximity input. In certain embodiments, touchsensor controller 102 then communicates information about the touch orproximity input to one or more other components (such as one or morecentral processing units (CPUs)) of a touch-sensitive device thatincludes touch sensor array 100 and touch sensor controller 102, whichmay respond to the touch or proximity input by initiating a function ofthe device (or an application running on the device). Although thisdisclosure describes a particular touch sensor controller havingparticular functionality with respect to a particular device and aparticular touch sensor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable touchsensor controller having any suitable functionality with respect to anysuitable device and any suitable touch sensor.

In certain embodiments, touch sensor controller 102 is implemented asone or more integrated circuits (ICs), such as for examplegeneral-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, programmable logicdevices or arrays, application-specific ICs (ASICs). Touch sensorcontroller 102 comprises any suitable combination of analog circuitry,digital logic, and digital non-volatile memory. In particularembodiments, touch sensor controller 102 may comprise instructionsstored in a computer-readable medium (e.g., one or more memory units),wherein the instructions are configured, when executed by one or moreprocessors of touch sensor controller 102, to perform one or morefunctions or steps of a method. In certain embodiments, touch sensorcontroller 102 is disposed on a flexible printed circuit (FPC) bonded tothe substrate of touch sensor array 100, as described below. The FPC maybe active or passive. In certain embodiments, multiple touch sensorcontrollers 102 are disposed on the FPC.

In an example implementation, touch sensor controller 102 includes aprocessor unit, a drive unit, a sense unit, and a storage unit. In suchan implementation, the drive unit supplies drive signals to the driveelectrodes of touch sensor array 100, and the sense unit senses chargeat the capacitive nodes of touch sensor array 100 and providesmeasurement signals to the processor unit representing capacitances atthe capacitive nodes. The processor unit controls the supply of drivesignals to the drive electrodes by the drive unit and processmeasurement signals from the sense unit to detect and process thepresence and position of a touch or proximity input withintouch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 100. The processor unit mayalso track changes in the position of a touch or proximity input withintouch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 100. The storage unit storesprogramming for execution by the processor unit, including programmingfor controlling the drive unit to supply drive signals to the driveelectrodes, programming for processing measurement signals from thesense unit, and other suitable programming. Although this disclosuredescribes a particular touch sensor controller having a particularimplementation with particular components, this disclosure contemplatesany suitable touch sensor controller having any suitable implementationwith any suitable components.

Tracks 104 of conductive material disposed on the substrate of touchsensor array 100 couple the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensorarray 100 to connection pads 106, also disposed on the substrate oftouch sensor array 100. As described below, connection pads 106facilitate coupling of tracks 104 to touch sensor controller 102. Tracks104 may extend into or around (e.g., at the edges of) touch-sensitiveareas of touch sensor array 100. In certain embodiments, particulartracks 104 provide drive connections for coupling touch sensorcontroller 102 to drive electrodes of touch sensor array 100, throughwhich the drive unit of touch sensor controller 102 supplies drivesignals to the drive electrodes, and other tracks 104 provide senseconnections for coupling touch sensor controller 102 to sense electrodesof touch sensor array 100, through which the sense unit of touch sensorcontroller 102 senses charge at the capacitive nodes of touch sensorarray 100.

Tracks 104 are be made of fine lines of metal or other conductivematerial. For example, the conductive material of tracks 104 may becopper or copper-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less.As another example, the conductive material of tracks 104 may be silveror silver-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less. Incertain embodiments, tracks 104 are made of ITO in whole or in part inaddition or as an alternative to the fine lines of metal or otherconductive material. Although this disclosure describes particulartracks made of particular materials with particular widths, thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable tracks made of any suitablematerials with any suitable widths. In addition to tracks 104, touchsensor array 100 may include one or more ground lines terminating at aground connector (which may be a connection pad 106) at an edge of thesubstrate of touch sensor array 100 (similar to tracks 104).

Connection pads 106 may be located along one or more edges of thesubstrate, outside touch-sensitive areas of touch sensor array 100. Asdescribed above, touch sensor controller 102 may be on an FPC.Connection pads 106 may be made of the same material as tracks 104 andmay be bonded to the FPC using an anisotropic conductive film (ACF). Incertain embodiments, connection 108 include conductive lines on the FPCcoupling touch sensor controller 102 to connection pads 106, in turncoupling touch sensor controller 102 to tracks 104 and to the drive orsense electrodes of touch sensor array 100. In another embodiment,connection pads 106 are connected to an electro-mechanical connector(such as a zero insertion force wire-to-board connector); in thisembodiment, connection 108 may not include an FPC, if desired. Thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable connection 108 between touch sensorcontroller 102 and touch sensor array 100.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate example touch sensor arrays 200 operating in aself-capacitive mode of operation according to certain embodiments ofthe present disclosure. Array 200 a of FIG. 2A comprises electrodes in agrid pattern, while array 200 b of FIG. 2B comprises electrodes in adiamond pattern. Each of arrays 200 comprises x-axis electrodes 201 andy-axis electrodes 202, wherein the x-axis electrodes 201 and y-axiselectrodes 202 overlap to form a plurality of capacitive nodes (e.g.,capacitive node 203).

In self-capacitive modes of operation, both sets of electrodes (e.g.,both x-axis electrodes 201 and y-axis electrodes 202) are driven tocreate a self-capacitance in the capacitive nodes formed thereby (e.g.,capacitive node 203). When an object touches or comes within proximityof the capacitive node, a change in self-capacitance may occur at thecapacitive node and a touch sensor controller coupled to the arraymeasures the change in capacitance, for example, as a change in theamount of charge implemented to raise the voltage at the capacitive nodeby a pre-determined amount. By measuring changes in capacitancethroughout the array, the touch sensor controller determines theposition of the touch or proximity within touch-sensitive areas of thetouch sensor.

In some embodiments, only a portion of the x-axis electrodes and y-axiselectrodes may be driven and measured for touch input. For instance, asillustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, only the electrodes forming capacitive node203 may be driven and measured for touch input. If the non-measuredelectrodes are left floating in these embodiments (i.e., with no applieddrive signal or voltage), interactions may take place between measuredand non-measured electrodes due to the mutual capacitance presentbetween the respective electrodes. Accordingly, a driven shield signalmay be applied to the non-measured electrodes as illustrated, which maycancel one or more effects caused by the mutual capacitance presentbetween the measured and non-measured electrodes. In certainembodiments, the driven shield signal may be a substantially similarwaveform to the drive signal applied to the measured x-axis electrodesand y-axis electrodes of the touch sensor, which may be a pulsed oralternating signal. In other embodiments, the driven shield signal maybe different from the drive signal applied to the measured electrodes,but both signals may still alternate between the same high and lowreference voltages. An example driven shield signal waveform andassociated drive signal waveform are illustrated in FIG. 4A anddiscussed further below.

Although described above in particular patterns, the electrodes of touchsensors according to the present disclosure may be in any appropriatepattern. In certain embodiments, for example, x-axis electrodes 201 maynot be exactly horizontal and y-axis electrodes 202 may not be exactlyvertical. Rather, x-axis electrodes 201 may be any appropriate angle tohorizontal and y-axis electrodes 202 may be any appropriate angle tovertical. This disclosure is not limited to the configurations of x-axiselectrodes and y-axis electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B. Instead,this disclosure anticipates any appropriate pattern, configuration,design, or arrangement of electrodes and is not limited to the examplepatterns discussed above.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example system 300 for capturing and re-usingcharge according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Inparticular, FIG. 3 illustrates an example touch sensor controller 310coupled to switch 320 and touch sensor array 330. Switch 320 is furthercoupled to a charge capture and re-use system 340 that includes acapacitor 345. The charge capture and re-use system 340 is coupled tobleeder circuit 350. Although illustrated as being external to touchsensor controller 310 in FIG. 3, in certain embodiments, switch 320 andbleeder circuit 350 may be inside controller 310.

While operating in a self-capacitive mode of operation, touch sensorarray 330 may be driven similar to arrays 200 of FIGS. 2A-2B. That is,particular electrodes of array 330 are connected to a drive signal (todetect touch inputs at capacitive node 335 of array 330) while othersare connected to a driven shield signal (in order to avoid the issuesdescribed above with regard to leaving such electrodes floating). Thedriven shield signal may closely replicate the drive signal inparticular embodiments, such that the driven shield signal issubstantially similar to the drive signal. An example drive signalwaveform 470 a and an example driven shield signal waveform 460 aaccording to particular embodiments of the present disclosure areillustrated in FIG. 4A and described further below.

The drive signals applied to the measured electrodes may be pulsed inparticular embodiments. That is, the measured electrodes may beconnected to one or more voltages that cause the electrodes to varybetween a high reference voltage (represented by V1 in FIG. 3) such as 9V and ground at a particular frequency (e.g., 75 kHz). Because thedriven shield signal applied to the non-measured electrodes may besubstantially similar to the pulsed drive signal applied to the measuredelectrodes, a large amount of current and power is wasted by pulsing thenon-measured electrodes between the high reference voltage and ground.This is especially true in current touch sensor designs with highcapacitive loads (e.g., between 15 nF and 25 nF).

Accordingly, rather than connecting the non-measured electrodes toground immediately after the high reference voltage during such pulsing,particular embodiments of the present disclosure connect thenon-measured electrodes to capacitor 345 which is coupled to a referencevoltage that is between the high reference voltage of the pulse signaland ground, such as 1.33 V (represented by V2 in FIG. 3), for a shortperiod of time prior to connecting the electrodes to ground. Thecapacitor may have a capacitance of approximately 1 μF to 10 μF incertain embodiments. By connecting the non-measured electrodes of array330 to capacitor 345 in this way, capacitor 345 may store much of thecharge that would have otherwise been discharged to ground. Aftercapacitor 345 has collected charge from the non-measured electrodes ofarray 330, the non-measured electrodes may then be connected to groundin order to mimic the pulsed signal of the measured electrodes. Examplewaveforms 460 and 470 of FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate example voltagewaveforms at points 360 and 370 of FIG. 3, respectively.

The charge stored in capacitor 345 may be re-used. For example, in someembodiments, the charge in capacitor 345 may be used to power digitallogic circuits 311 (e.g., may be sent to a power supply or supplyvoltage rail) in the touch sensor controller 310. The charge stored incapacitor 345 may also be used to power other electronic components of atouch-sensitive device in some embodiments. In certain situations, theamount of charge captured by capacitor 345 may be larger than what mayin turn be used by logic 311 or other components. To avoid a rise in thereference drive voltage of logic 311 caused by the excess charge incapacitor 345, a bleeder circuit 350 may be coupled to capacitor 345such that the excess charge may be discharged appropriately withoutcausing a rise in the reference drive voltage of logic 311.

Bleeder circuit 350 may comprise a comparator circuit 355 that monitorsthe voltage on the reference voltage V2 coupled to capacitor 345. If thevoltage V2 raises above a particular threshold, then comparator circuit355 of bleeder circuit 350 may connect capacitor 345 to ground (e.g, viaa switch as illustrated) in order to discharge the excess charge storedin capacitor 345 and avoid an increase in reference voltage V2. Thethreshold used by comparator circuit 355 may be based on anotherreference voltage supplied to the comparator circuit, such as Vc asillustrated in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate example electrode voltage waveforms 460 and 470according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Waveforms460 of FIGS. 4A-4B may represent voltages applied to electrodes coupledto a capacitor in order to capture charge lost during the transitionfrom the high reference voltage V1 to ground, while waveforms 470 ofFIGS. 4A-4B may represent voltages typically applied to electrodes thatdo not incorporate the teachings of the present disclosure. As thevoltage applied to the electrode transitions from V1 to ground inwaveforms 470, for instance, the charge in the electrode may beeffectively wasted. According to aspects of the present disclosure,however, the electrode may be connected to an intermediate voltage(e.g., voltage V2 of FIG. 4A as shown in waveform 460 a) to which acapacitor is coupled prior to connecting the electrode to ground. Bydoing so, most of the charge that would otherwise be lost may becaptured by the capacitor, and stored for later use (e.g., by othercircuits coupled to the capacitor). Waveforms 460 may thus allow forcharge capture and re-use while appearing substantially similar towaveforms 470.

In certain embodiments, waveforms 460 and 470 may represent voltages atpoints 360 and 370, respectively, of system 300 of FIG. 3 in certainembodiments. Referring to FIG. 4A, waveform 460 a may comprise twophases according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, whichmay include a positive phase and a negative phase. The positive phasemay generally refer to the phase of bringing the electrodes of aself-capacitive touch sensor 330 from ground to a high reference drivevoltage V1 (e.g., 9 V), while the negative phase may generally refer tothe phase of bringing the electrodes from the high reference drivevoltage V1 (e.g., 9 V) to ground. Although illustrated as alternatingbetween high reference voltage V1 and ground, certain embodiments mayalternate the measured and non-measured electrodes of a touch sensorbetween high reference voltage V1 and any particular reference voltagebelow V1.

During the positive phase, both the measured and the non-measuredelectrodes may be connected to the high drive reference voltage V1.During the negative phase, the non-measured electrodes may be connectedto a capacitor coupled to a low reference voltage V2 first (while themeasured electrodes are connected to ground). Typically, during thenegative phase, the non-measured electrodes would be connected to groundafter being connected to V2 as well to quickly reduce the voltagethereon and mimic the signal on the measured electrodes. However, asdescribed above, connecting the non-measured electrodes to the voltageV2 may allow the capacitor coupled thereto to capture and re-use of thecharge in the non-measured electrodes.

Although illustrated as particular waveforms, the waveforms on themeasured and non-measured electrodes may be different from thosedepicted in FIG. 4A. As one example, the measured and non-measuredelectrodes may be driven to intermediate voltages between the highreference voltage V1 and ground in the positive and negative phases. Forinstance, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, each of the positive phase and thenegative phase may include an integration phase and a reset phase.During the positive integration phase, both the non-measured andmeasured electrodes may be connected to a intermediate reference voltageV3 that is between ground and the high drive reference voltage V1, andduring the positive reset phase, both the non-measured and measuredelectrodes may be connected to the high drive reference voltage V1.During the negative integration phase, the non-measured electrodes maybe connected to a capacitor coupled to reference voltage V2 first beforebeing connected to intermediate reference voltage V4 (as' shown inwaveform 460 b) while the measured electrodes are connected to V4 (asshown in waveform 470 b). During the negative reset phase, both themeasured and non-measured electrodes may be connected to ground.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method 500 for charge capture and re-usein self-capacitive touch sensors according to certain embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Method 500 may be performed by logic (e.g., hardwareor software) of a touch sensor controller. For example, method 500 maybe performed by executing (with one or more processors of the touchsensor controller) instructions stored in a computer-readable medium ofthe touch sensor controller.

The method begins at step 510, where each of a plurality of electrodesarranged to form an array of capacitive sensing nodes is connected to afirst reference voltage (e.g., 9 V). The plurality of electrodes mayinclude a first portion (e.g., measured electrodes) and a second portion(e.g., non-measured electrodes) of a capacitive touch sensor arrayoperating in a self-capacitive mode of operation. Example waveformsdepicting the voltages of the first portion (e.g., measured electrodes)and the second portion (e.g., non-measured electrodes) during step 510are illustrated in the positive phase of FIG. 4A as waveforms 470 a and460 a, respectively. The first reference voltage may be a high referencedrive voltage of a pulsed drive signal. In some embodiments, this stepmay include connecting both the first portion (e.g., the measuredelectrodes) and the second portion (e.g., the non-measured electrodes)of the plurality of electrodes to a reference voltage lower than thefirst reference voltage prior to connecting the first portion and thesecond portion of the plurality of electrodes to the first referencevoltage (see, e.g., the positive integration and positive reset phasesillustrated in FIG. 4B).

At step 520, the first portion of the plurality of electrodes (e.g., themeasured electrodes) is connected to a second reference voltage lowerthan the first reference voltage of step 510. In some embodiments, thesecond reference voltage may be ground. While the first portion of theplurality of electrodes is connected to the second reference voltage,the second portion of the plurality of electrodes (e.g., thenon-measured electrodes) are connected at step 530 to a capacitorcoupled to a third reference voltage that is lower than the firstreference voltage and above the second reference voltage (e.g., 1.33 V),and then connected to the second reference voltage at step 540.

At step 550, charge from the capacitor is re-used and provided to thetouch sensor controller coupled to the array of capacitive sensingnodes. The charge may be provided to any suitable component of the touchsensor controller, such as the digital logic circuits of the touchsensor controller. For example, in certain embodiments, the chargeprovided to the touch sensor controller may provided power to thedigital logic circuits of the controller. Excess charge stored in thecapacitor may be discharged, such as through the use of a bleedercircuit that includes a comparator circuit, as described above.

Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to method 500 withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. For example,although described in steps 520 and 540 as connecting the sensor linesto ground, the sensor lines may be connected to a reference voltagebetween the low reference voltage of step 530 and ground in certainembodiments. As another example, although illustrated as separate steps,step 550 may be performed at the same time as steps 510-540 are beingperformed (e.g., captured charge is continuously supplied to the touchsensor controller while the sensor lines are driven according to steps510-540). Furthermore, the order of the steps may be performed in adifferent manner than that described and some steps may be performed atthe same time. Additionally, each individual step may include additionalsteps without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media mayinclude one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits(ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) orapplication-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid harddrives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs),magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppydisk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs),RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitablecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitablecombination of two or more of these. A computer-readable non-transitorystorage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination ofvolatile and non-volatile.

Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicatedotherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B”means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicatedotherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unlessexpressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,”unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.

This disclosure encompasses a myriad of changes, substitutions,variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodimentsherein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.Similarly, the appended claims encompass all changes, substitutions,variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodimentsherein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system ora component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to,capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative toperform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system,component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated,turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or componentis so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, oroperative.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first electrode; oneor more processors; and one or more memory units coupled to the one ormore processors, the one or more memory units collectively storing logicconfigured, when executed by the one or more processors, to cause theone or more processors to control connections of the first electrode by:connecting the first electrode to a first reference voltage; afterconnecting the first electrode to the first reference voltage,connecting the first electrode to a second reference voltage, wherein acapacitor is coupled to the second reference voltage and the secondreference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage; afterconnecting the first electrode to the second reference voltage,connecting the first electrode to a third reference voltage, wherein thethird reference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage andthe second reference voltage; connecting the first electrode to a fourthreference voltage prior to connecting the first electrode to the firstreference voltage, wherein the fourth reference voltage is lower thanthe first reference voltage and higher than the third reference voltage;and after connecting the first electrode to the second reference voltageand prior to connecting the first electrode to the third referencevoltage, connecting the first electrode to a fifth reference voltage,wherein the fifth reference voltage is lower than the second referencevoltage and higher than the third reference voltage.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the capacitor is coupled to a voltage supply of acircuit.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the capacitor is furthercoupled to a bleed circuit configured to discharge excess charge storedin the capacitor.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the bleed circuitcomprises a comparator circuit.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefirst electrode is an electrode of a capacitive touch sensor.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second electrode, wherein thelogic is further configured, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, to cause the one or more processors to control connectionsof the second electrode by: connecting the second electrode to the firstreference voltage while the first electrode is connected to the firstreference voltage; and connecting the second electrode to the thirdreference voltage while the first electrode is connected to the secondreference voltage and then the third reference voltage.
 7. The apparatusof claim 6, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode areelectrodes of a capacitive touch sensor.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1further comprising a second electrode, wherein the logic is furtherconfigured, when executed by the one or more processors, to cause theone or more processors to control connections of the second electrodeby: connecting the second electrode to the fourth reference while thefirst electrode is connected to the fourth reference voltage; andconnecting the second electrode to the fifth reference voltage while thefirst electrode is connected to the second reference voltage and thenthe fifth reference voltage.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein thefirst electrode and the second electrode are electrodes of a capacitivetouch sensor.
 10. A method, comprising: connecting a first electrode toa first reference voltage; after connecting the first electrode to thefirst reference voltage, connecting the first electrode to a secondreference voltage, wherein a capacitor is coupled to the secondreference voltage and the second reference voltage is lower than thefirst reference voltage; after connecting the first electrode to thesecond reference voltage, connecting the first electrode to a thirdreference voltage, wherein the third reference voltage is lower than thefirst reference voltage and the second reference voltage; connecting thefirst electrode to a fourth reference voltage prior to connecting thefirst electrode to the first reference voltage, wherein the fourthreference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage and higherthan the third reference voltage; and after connecting the firstelectrode to the second reference voltage and prior to connecting thefirst electrode to the third reference voltage, connecting the firstelectrode to a fifth reference voltage, wherein the fifth referencevoltage is lower than the second reference voltage and higher than thethird reference voltage.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprisingproviding charge from the capacitor to a voltage supply of a circuit.12. The method of claim 10, further comprising discharging excess chargestored in the capacitor to a bleed circuit.
 13. The method of claim 10,further comprising: connecting a second electrode to the first referencevoltage while the first electrode is connected to the first referencevoltage; and connecting the second electrode to the third referencevoltage while the first electrode is connected to the second referencevoltage and then the third reference voltage.
 14. The method of claim10, further comprising: connecting a second electrode to the fourthreference while the first electrode is connected to the fourth referencevoltage; and connecting the second electrode to the fifth referencevoltage while the first electrode is connected to the second referencevoltage and then the fifth reference voltage.
 15. A computer-readablenon-transitory storage medium comprising logic that is configured, whenexecuted, to: connect a first electrode to a first reference voltage;after connecting the first electrode to the first reference voltage,connect the first electrode to a second reference voltage, wherein acapacitor is coupled to the second reference voltage and the secondreference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage; afterconnecting the first electrode to the second reference voltage, connectthe first electrode to a third reference voltage, wherein the thirdreference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage and thesecond reference voltage; connect the first electrode to a fourthreference voltage prior to connecting the first electrode to the firstreference voltage, wherein the fourth reference voltage is lower thanthe first reference voltage and higher than the third reference voltage;and after connecting the first electrode to the second reference voltageand prior to connecting the first electrode to the third referencevoltage, connect the first electrode to a fifth reference voltage,wherein the fifth reference voltage is lower than the second referencevoltage and higher than the third reference voltage.
 16. Thecomputer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein thelogic is further configured, when executed, to provide charge from thecapacitor to a voltage supply of a circuit.
 17. The computer-readablenon-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein the logic is furtherconfigured, when executed, to discharge excess charge stored in thecapacitor to a bleed circuit.
 18. The computer-readable non-transitorystorage medium of claim 15, wherein the logic is further configured,when executed, to: connect a second electrode to the first referencevoltage while the first electrode is connected to the first referencevoltage; and connect the second electrode to the third reference voltagewhile the first electrode is connected to the second reference voltageand then the third reference voltage.
 19. The computer-readablenon-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein the logic is furtherconfigured, when executed, to: connect a second electrode to the fourthreference while the first electrode is connected to the fourth referencevoltage; and connect the second electrode to the fifth reference voltagewhile the first electrode is connected to the second reference voltageand then the fifth reference voltage.
 20. A method, comprising:connecting a first electrode to a first reference voltage; afterconnecting the first electrode to the first reference voltage,connecting the first electrode to a second reference voltage, wherein acapacitor is coupled to the second reference voltage and the secondreference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage; afterconnecting the first electrode to the second reference voltage,connecting the first electrode to a third reference voltage, wherein thethird reference voltage is lower than the first reference voltage andthe second reference voltage; and providing charge from the capacitor toa voltage supply of a circuit.